Physio Cardio Lab Report Answers Essay

1. Explain how the body establishes a mash gradient for fluid strike.Pressure gradient is the persist number of a transp bent through a pipe. This is instantly proportional to the difference between the shoves at the two ends of the pipe and inversely proportional to the pips resistance. The pressure gradient is directly dependent upon origin watercraft roentgen which essentially controls disputation of work scarper. The bigger the channel vessel spoke, the much than than argumentation prey or fluid point. The smaller livestock vessel rundle, the lesson affinity or fluid melt down.2. Explain the event that the go underground wheel spoke metamorphose had on give come in. How well did the passs polariate with your p flushediction?Flow render radius change has a direct incumbrance on melt pace. As demonst place in this lab, when flow furnish radius was augment, the flow rate was also make upd. They are directly proportional. As attest fro m the text, when flow tube radius pluss in a rake vessel, the flow rate is much more free flowing and flows a lot speedy as the radius is increase. When starting with 1.5mm of radius, the flow was very(preno momental) slow, yet when change magnitude to 2mm, 3mm, and eventually to 5mm, the flow indoors the declivity vessel incrementally increased.3. eviscerate the put that radius changes prevail on the laminar flow of a fluid. stratified Flow is defined as the free-flowing linage in the middle of the vessel. universal gas constant change is directly proportional on laminar flow. In a constricted vessel, proportionately more roue is in contact with the vessel wall and there is less laminar flow, signifi messtly diminishing the rate of line of descent flow in the vessel, yet if the vessel is more dilated, or the radius is increased, more roue flow is able to get in, indeed change magnitude the bloodflow. The bigger the radius, the more laminar flow of fluid.4. wheref ore do you think the diagram was not analogue? (Hint look at the relationship of the variables in the equation). How well did the results compare with your prodigy?If the variables are radius on the X- bloc and flow rate on the Y-axis, the experiment called for the experimenter to incrementally increase the radius and fleck the results. As we know, radius is directly proportional to flow rate in that as the radius increases so does the flow rate, therefore, the plotted graphical record has to be linear. If one increases, so does the other going in a straight lineActivity 2 Questions1. Describe the components in the blood that affect viscosity?The components in the blood that affect viscosity are the presences of plasma proteins and formed elements such as white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), and platelets. When these formed elements and plasma proteins in the blood slide retiring(a) one another, there is an increase in the resistance to flow.2. Explain the nucleus that the viscosity change had on flow rate. How well did the results compare with your soothsaying?Viscosity is defined as the thickness or stickiness of a fluid. In regards to flow rate, they are inversely comparable and thusly as you increase viscosity or the thickness of the blood, the flow rate settles. As seen in the graph, increasing the viscosity inversely decreases the flow rate each duration you increased it by 1.3. Describe the graph of flow versus viscosity.As evidenced in the graph, the constants in this experiment were radius, continuance, and pressure. The variables were flow rate and viscosity. The y axis represented flow rate and the x axis represented viscosity. As viscosity increased, the flow rate decreased causing a linear or inverse curve relationship going down.4. Discuss the onus that polycythemia would have on viscosity and on blood flow.Polycythemia is a jibe in which excess red blood cells are present. We learned previous that an increa se in red blood cells results in an increase in blood viscosity. An increase in blood viscosity directly affects blood flow, in that blood flow would decrease. Thus, the presence of polycythemia would inversely affect blood flow rate by change magnitude it.Activity 3 Questions1. Which is more likely to occur, a change in blood vessel radius or a change in blood vessel length?A change in blood vessel radius is more like to occur because blood vessel length only increases as we grow into maturity and in adulthood blood vessel lengths brook constant. The only possibility of blood vessel length changing is when we infer or lose weight. Through the process of vasodilation, or the smoothing of the blood vessel muscle, you can change the radius of the vessel more frequently.2. Explain the effect that the change in blood vessel length had on flow rate. How well did the results compare with your expectation?Blood vessel length, when increased causes more friction or resistance thus maki ng it more knotty for blood to flow through the vessel. In summation, increasing blood vessel length inversely effects flow rate but decreasing flow rate. My prediction was that an increase in blood vessel length would inversely effect blood flow. As evidenced in this experiment, with the increase of the blood vessel length, there was a decrease in blood flow.3. Explain why you think blood vessel radius can have a bouffantr effect on the body that changes in blood vessel length.In the blood flow equation (as seen to the honest), blood flow is directly proportional to the fourth power of vessel radius. hammy changes happen in regards to blood flow because of small changes in blood vessel radius. The smaller the blood vessel radius, the greater the resistance. Blood vessel radius is the single most important factor in in ascertain blood flow resistance.4. Describe the effect that obesity would have on blood flow and why.As referenced from this experiment, weight, either gain or loss effects blood vessel length. A change in blood vessel length can only be adapted through the gain or loss of weight. As evidenced in this experiment, when blood vessel length is increased as a result of weight gain, there is greater resistance or friction within the vessel making blood flow through that vessel more difficult thus decreasing blood flow. Obesity different effect blood flow in that, there are increased blood vessel lengths, causing greater friction or resistance within the vessel and a decrease in blood flow.Activity 4 Questions1. Explain the effect that pressure changes had on flow rate. How well did the results compare with your prediction.Pressure changes have a profound effect on flow rate. As pressure increases, flow rate also increases. They are directly proportional. In regards to my prediction, I predicted that as pressure increased, so would flow rate.2. How does the plot differ from the plots for tube radius, viscosity, and tube length? How well did th e results compare with your prediction.The plot for pressure in linear in that, an increase in pressure is directly proportional to flow rate. It was a perfectly straight line upwards as pressure increased. In regards to the plot for tube radius, it was very similar in that results were more curve shaped but went in the same directly upward. As vessel radius increased so did flow rate. In regards to viscosity, they were drastically different, as viscosity increased, the rate of flow decreased because there was more resistance. In regards to tube length, this is drastically different than pressure because with an increase in tube length, there is a decrease in rate of flow because there is more resistance within the vessel itself. After learning that vessel radius is the greatest factor in regards to flow rate, I predicted that with an increase in pressure there would also be an increase in flow rate.3. Explain why pressure changes are not the best way to control blood flow.Pressure changes are not the best way to control blood flow because it could place more stress on the smell (which causes the initial pressure) and requires the heart to change its force of muscular abridgment. The blood vessels need time to move to that change in force as well as the large arteries around the heart. It required for them to have more tissue in their tunics to declare the heart and its increase of force. Plus, the best way to control blood flow, as seen from these experiments is through increasing vessel radius.4. Use you data to foreshadow the increase in flow rate in ml/min/mm Hg.In this experiment, radius, viscosity, and length remained constant, and pressure and flow rate were the variables. I started off with a pressure of 25 mm Hg and the flow rate was 35mm/min. As I increase the pressure by 25 mm Hg each time, the flow rate increased by about 35 mm/min each time.Activity 5 Questions1. Explain the effect of increasing the right flow tube radius on the flow rate, re sistance, and nub rate. change magnitude the right flow tube radius is directly proportional to increasing flow rate. As evidenced in other experiments, increasing tube radius decreases resistance thus increasing flow rate. In addition, as the right flow tube radius increased, so did the pump rate. Each time that I increased the right flow tube radius by .5mm, the pump rate increased as did the flow rate because of the decrease in resistance.2. Describe what the left and right beakers in the experiment correspond to in the pitying heart.The left beaker represents the side of the heart where blood is pumped through the lungs to the diametric side of the heart. The right beaker represents the side of the heart that delivers blood to the system of the body.3. in brief describe how the human heart could compensate for flow rate changes to obtain blood pressure. The human heart compensates for flow rate changes by altering heart rate, shooting pot or resistance. If resistance dec reases, heart rate can increase to maintain the pressure difference. If resistance is decreasing, there is an increase in flow rate.Activity 6 Questions1. Describe the Frank-Starling law in the heart.The Frank-Starling law in the heart refers to when more than the normal volume of blood is returned to the heart by the venous system. In this process, the heart is stretched which results in a more forceful contraction of the ventricles. This causes more than normal amounts of blood to be ejected by the heart which raises touch volume.2. Explain what happened to the pump rate when you increased the apoplexy volume. Why do you think this occurred? How well did the results compare with your prediction?When you increase the stroke volume, there is an inverse decrease in pump rate, even though there is a constant amount of flow that results. This is directly the opposite of my predictions, yet I learned that the reason why pump rate decreases when stroke volume increases is because the h eart constitutionalally alters stroke volume to accommodate changes in preload or during the period where the ventricles are stretched by the end diastolic volume. Stroke volume is also controlled by the susceptibility and force of contractility of the heart.3. Describe how the heart alters stroke volume?The heart alters stroke volume by altering the pump volume or the contractility. By altering the contractility, you are altering the strength of the cardiac muscle contraction and its ability to generate force.4. Describe the intrinsic factors that control stroke volume.The intrinsic factors that control stroke volume are heart rate and cardiac output. Total blood flow is proportional to cardiac output. Thus, when the stroke volume decreases, the heart rate music increase to maintain cardiac output. Yet, when stroke volume increases, the heart rate must decrease to maintain cardiac output.Activity 7 Questions1. Explain how the heart could compensate for changes in skirting(prenom inal) resistance.The heart can compensate for changes in peripheral resistance by decreasing blood viscosity and through adjusting the force of contraction of the heart. Increasing contractility or forcing contraction of the heart combats afterload and blood flow resistance. Increasing contractility depart increase cardiac output by increasing stroke volume.2. Which tool had the greatest compensatory effect? How well did the results compare with your prediction?My prediction was that increasing the left flow tube radius would have the greatest partake in regards to blood flow into the right tube, but adjusting the force of contraction of the heart had the greatest compensatory effect on the flow of blood into the right beaker.3. Explain what happened when the pump pressure and the beaker pressure were the same. How well did the results compare with your prediction?When the pump pressure and the beaker pressure were the same, the valve would not open because there was inferior dr iving pressure to force fluid out of the pump. This was adverse to my prediction, where I predicted that there would be an increase of flow, but I was incorrect, in that nothing happened and there was no flow.4. Explain whether it would be better to adjust heart rate or blood vessel diam to fulfil blood flow changes at a local level.I think that it would be better to adjust heart rate in order to achieve blood flow changes at a local level. Although the text and experiments have demonstrated that it is more effective to increase blood vessel diameter in order to increase the rate of flow within blood vessels, I think that exercise increases your heart rate which is directly think to an increase in blood flow.