The Dead Mens Path Theme Analysis Religion Essay

The Dead Mens Path Theme Analysis Religion Essay Dead Mens Path is a short story written in 1972 by African Author Chinua Achebe. It is about Michael Obi, a youthful and fiery man amped up for everything current who is simply doled out a situation to run a customary school. Not long into the activity, he finds that alongside his misinformed enthusiasm, disregarding the conventions of his kin can have extraordinary results. Obi is a splendid and eager youngster who is eager to discover that he will be the new superintendent of a school that has been in urgent need of help for quite a while. Obi was viewed as a vital instructor and he and his better half are both ground breaking and anxious to impart the advanced life to everybody. Chinua Achebe shows the Obis current excitement by composing: We will put forth a valiant effort, she Obis spouse) answered. We will have such wonderful nurseries and everything will be simply present day and superb He additionally shows Obis perspectives on the conventionalist individuals by assaulting their character alluding to them as, these old and obsolete individuals in the instructing field. Of his two objectives for the school, one was to make the grounds a position of excellence. An up and coming assessment was the ideal inspiration to start what he thought to be incredible enhancements. In time the nurseries bloomed with delightful red and yellow blossoms. As Obi is respecting his work, he runs over an elderly person from the town who strolls straight over the blossoms onto what Obe finds to be an old swoon practically unused way. Obi addresses an educator and discovers precisely what the way was utilized for. It astonishes me, said Obi to one of the educators who had been three years in the school, that you individuals permitted the residents to utilize this pathway. It is essentially mind blowing. He shook his head. The way, the instructor said regretfully, seems, by all accounts, to be essential to them. Despite the fact that it is not really utilized, it interfaces the town hallowed place with their place of internment. Obi didnt care about the explanation and for dread that the coming investigator may see individuals on school grounds who didnt have a place, requested that the pathway be shut off promptly paying little heed to admonitions from the instructor. The way was then obstructed with overwhelming logs and strengthened with securit y fencing. A cleric was sent by the offended townspeople to attempt to talk some detect into Obi, squeezing upon him the noteworthiness that the way has not to simply the locals, yet additionally the dead who walk the path.Look here my child, this way was here before you were conceived and before your dad was conceived. The entire existence of the town relies upon it. Our dead family members leave by it and our precursors visit us by it. Be that as it may, generally significant, it is the way of kids coming in to be conceived. Obi dismissed the clerics words and in deriding answered to him Dead men dont walk. he excused his parentage and rather picked the cutting edge way. The way stayed blocked and a couple of days after the fact a town lady passed on in labor. The townspeople accepting that as a sign that if the way stays blocked they would endure extraordinary disaster. Accepting that the mother would be not able to find happiness in the hereafter and the kid unfit to walk the wa y and enter the world, the residents got disturbed and tore down a school working just as everything used to obstruct the way and the blossoms planted to dazzle the overseer. At the point when the auditor at long last showed up, he was given grounds that were totally wrecked alongside a director who pondered himself and eradicating the past to get present day. In the story, with the depictions of the self important director and his absence of regard for the older folks and their customs the storyteller plainly has favored one side with the residents. Chinua Achebe composes, The entire reason for our school is to kill such convictions as that. Dead men don't require trails. The entire thought is simply awesome. Our obligation is to show your kids to snicker at such thoughts. The primary concern being referred to in the story is regarding the residents convictions and customs and the significance it held in their lives. Obi wasn't right in his deduction and in his techniques, accepting that he can simply cut the individuals off from what presently would be viewed as a memorial service. With regards to the decimation and dismissal of something that was and is essential to individuals, for example, conventions regardless of how old the traditions might be, no one has the option to refute a people foundation and no one can evacuate a people con viction and substitute it with their own. A new societies conviction may appear to be whimsical however to the individuals who trust it, it is as much a crucial piece of their lives as innovation is in our own. The core of a people conviction is in having confidence in spite of the fact that what you accept can never be demonstrated. What occurs in death is an ideal case of this. No one alive can realize what occurs after death so we are left with our minds to trust that our friends and family are in a superior spot as opposed to in the ground or left as cinders. Individuals need that confidence to carry on in light of the fact that now and again the idea of never again observing those individuals can be excruciating. Our predecessors conventions and customs are significant in light of the fact that the main information we have of things we have no verification on is in the things gone down for ages. Similarly as the story clarified, the locals were so solid in their convictions of the way that when it became blocked they assaulted the school and everything that was hindering the consecrated way: The lovely fences were destroyed close to the way as well as right around the schoolflowers trampledone of the school structures torn down The significance of a people culture is something other than the confidence of a solitary individual, it associates a gathering of individuals who accept the same and permits them to cooperate with a similar final products. As expressed in Achebes Dead Mens Path, contemporary network shouldnt do as Obi and attempt to annihilate the center of a people groups convictions which, with his taunting answer to the cleric is exactly what he attempted to do. Our obligation is to show your kids to chuckle at such thoughts. It is critical to recollect and to respect conventions. Numerous individuals battle to keep their conventions alive, regardless of whether its an elderly person making her 80th yearly journey to a Mexican burial ground to light a flame at Dona Candelaria de Sapiens grave or Native American clan individuals wearing full stately attire moving to praise the coming precipitation. In Achebes story, the individuals battled to keep the way free with the goal that the individuals who pass on can find happiness in the hereafter and the customs of the locals can carry on for a long time into the future, a long ways past the lives of the clerics, townspeople and Obi.

Parent's perspective towards childhood obesity in early years Dissertation

Parent's point of view towards youth corpulence in early years - Dissertation Example Youth stoutness is a rising issue. It is characterized as having a BMI of equivalent to or more noteworthy then 95% of the populace (Deckelbaum and Williams, 2001, p. 240s). There are various reasons why youth corpulence is on the ascent. Increment in TV seeing is one guilty party (Reilly, 2004). Increments in cheap food admission is another (Bowman et al., 2004). There are an assortment of purposes behind youth corpulence, however one thing is clear - youth stoutness is an issue, as it prompts a scope of medical issues for the corpulent youngster, including diabetes, hypertension and heart issues (Deckelbaum and Williams, 2001, p. 240s). Since youth weight is such an issue, and it is turning out to be increasingly across the board, there is a requirement for an investigation to comprehend the difficult better, including the reasons why the issue is getting so boundless, and what should be possible about it. This examination looks to discover another factor that may be to some degree ignored, and that is the job of the parent and the instructors of kids, and how guardians and teachers may cooperate to battle this issue. In particular, this examination looks to see how a parent's propensities may be transmitted to their kid, and whether teachers can have any kind of effect in the event that they work with guardians to enable the guardians to see how to support their kid. This examination likewise looks to comprehend what job that guardians play in youth weight †is it in light of the fact that the guardians are excessively merciful with their kid? Or on the other hand is it on the grounds that the guardians have negative behavior patterns themselves, in this way the kid learns all these unfortunate propensities? Maybe it is on the grounds that the guardians essentially don't have the opportunity to get ready food.... 240s). Since youth heftiness is such an issue, and it is turning out to be increasingly far reaching, there is a requirement for an examination to comprehend the difficult better, including the reasons why the issue is getting so across the board, and what should be possible about it. This investigation tries to discover another factor that may be fairly ignored, and that is the job of the parent and the teachers of kids, and how guardians and instructors may cooperate to battle this issue. In particular, this examination looks to see how a parent's propensities may be transmitted to their youngster, and whether teachers can have any kind of effect on the off chance that they work with guardians to enable the guardians to see how to support their kid. This investigation likewise looks to comprehend what job that guardians play in youth heftiness is it on the grounds that the guardians are excessively indulgent with their kid? Or on the other hand is it in light of the fact that the g uardians have unfortunate propensities themselves, thusly the youngster learns all these negative behavior patterns? Maybe it is on the grounds that the guardians basically don't have the opportunity to get ready food. Are the guardians mindful that their youngster has an issue, and, assuming this is the case, would they say they are keen on helping them, and what are they keen on doing to assist the kid with their weight issue? This examination likewise tries to get youngsters, and why they may pick solid food or unfortunate food. These are the points of this examination. The reason for this investigation is to cure these issue/s of youth obesity.Perhaps there is an instructor who has a smart thought that may address the issue, or maybe a parent may have a not too bad thought also. A definitive objective is to decide a strategy that instructors and guardians may

Big Data, Big Data Analytics, Data Mining and their applications in Essay

Huge Data, Big Data Analytics, Data Mining and their applications in Industrial Engineering - Essay Example The use of prescient investigation in large information circumstance can help power plants figure creation size and furthermore gain understanding on winning difficulties inside the plant. Vitality organizations that are fit for overseeing and dissecting high volume information by utilizing propelled programming projects like IBM data frameworks or some other appropriate factual programming, can generally change their information into helpful and gainful methodologies. For example, creating proficient interest reaction procedures necessitates that utilities apply imaginative examination over a blend of information about customers, utilization rate, age limit, physical network novel conduct, climate, and vitality wares showcase. A Company’s choice upheld by information are in every case progressively forward and worthy when contrasted with utilizing winning apparent data about the vitality advertise. As referenced previously, power plants are inviting the utilization of brilliant matrices and meters as a drawn out technique that empowers effective vitality flexibly. Vitality organizations can in this way make better force stockpiling arrangements, incorporate uniform force age focuses and in the process wipe out the requirement for new force plants. Basically, this will empower power customers to have more command over the measure of intensity/power they use. A higher number of meter peruses every day of intensity use by customers essentially produce a mind-boggling measure of information. This measure of information presents an extraordinary open door for power plants to consider their consumers’ practices and furthermore see how advertise division of clients can assist ventures with knowing the measure of intensity yield to accomplish. For instance, on the off chance that you are a power maker, time of utilization estimating generally makes cost-clever retail buyers to run dryers, dishwashers and clothes washers at off-top periods. Clearly, these portion of buyers don't just spare money however they likewise need less age limit from their power suppliers.

Rene Descartes Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rene Descartes Philosophy - Essay Example In more full end the issues of uncertainty are raised, he says, â€Å"underthought, I grasp all that which is in us with the goal that we are promptly mindful of it, a thing which exists believes is a thing which questions, understands†¦.† (21). These contentions by Descartes delineate the requirement for self-evaluation before making ends. An individual (believing being) is liable to question, consequently should initially be cynic about everything so as to wind up making the educated judgment. Consequently, anything that exists has properties yet should be dependent upon some cynic before making an educated judgment and recognizing its, reality. For instance, an individual sees a container of water, and his eyes reveal to him that it is there. Since this individual has the reason that what his eyes sees is in truth genuine (or existing) it implies that he realizes that the container exists. Along these lines, Descartes clarifies that man (I) exists due to certain characteristics like body, soul, and musings. He proceeds to clarify that ‘I’ denies, gets, questions, insists, is willing, is reluctant, has tactile discernment and envisions (19). This shows a presence comes connected at the hip with information on properties that something has. Presence without the information on its properties is much more silly than inferring an end that the presence of self additionally incorporates the idea of self. When Renã © Descartes says that he thinks, in this way, he ex ists, it implies that he knows about what he is and what his tendency is. Something else, there is no presence. Each presence has its properties; be it divine position like God or as inconsequential as a plastic water bottle.

Inventions and Inventors of the 18th Century

Developments and Inventors of the eighteenth Century The eighteenth century, additionally alluded to as the 1700s, denoted the start of the principal Industrial Revolution. Present day producing started with steam motors supplanting creature work. The eighteenth century additionally observed the across the board substitution of physical work by new innovations and apparatus. The eighteenth century was likewise part of The Age of Enlightenment,â aâ historical period described by a move away from conventional strict types of authorityâ and a move towards science and sane idea. The impacts of eighteenth century edification prompted the American Revolutionary War and the French Revolution. The eighteenth century likewise observed the spread of capitalismâ and the expanded accessibility of written words. Here is a course of events of the significant innovations of the eighteenth century.â 1701 Jethro Tull imagines the seed drill. 1709 Bartolomeo Cristofori imagines the piano. 1711 Brits John Shore imagines the tuning fork. 1712 Thomas Newcomen licenses the air steam motor. 1717 Edmond Halley imagines the plunging ringer. 1722 French C. Hopffer licenses the fire quencher. 1724 Gabriel Fahrenheit imagines the primary mercury thermometer. 1733 John Kay imagines the flying transport. 1745 For example von Kleist imagines the Leyden container, the main electrical capacitor. 1752 Benjamin Franklin designs theâ lightning pole. 1755 Samuel Johnson distributes the principal English language word reference on April fifteenth following nine years of writing.â 1757 John Campbell imagines theâ sextant. 1758 Dolland imagines a chromatic focal point. 1761 Brits John Harrison designs the navigational clock, orâ marine chronometer,â for estimating longitude. 1764 James Hargreaves imagines theâ spinning jenny. 1767 Joseph Priestleyâ invents carbonated water, orâ soda water. 1768 Richard Arkwright licenses theâ spinning outline. 1769 James Wattâ invents an improved steam motor. 1774 Georges Louis Lesage licenses the electric message. 1775 Alexander Cummings imagines theâ flush toilet.Jacques Perrier designs a steamship. 1776 David Bushnellâ invents a submarine. 1779 Samuel Cromptonâ invents theâ spinning donkey. 1780 Benjamin Franklin inventsâ bifocal eyeglasses.Gervinus of Germany creates the roundabout saw. 1783 Louis Sebastienâ demonstrates the first parachute.Benjamin Hanks licenses oneself winding clock.The Montgolfier brothersâ invent the sight-seeing balloon.Englishmen Henry Cort concocts the steel roller for steel creation. 1784 Andrew Meikle imagines the sifting machine.Joseph Bramahâ invents the wellbeing lock. 1785 Edmund Cartwright imagines theâ power loom.Claude Berthollet develops substance bleaching.Charles Augustus Coulomb creates the torsion balance.Jean Pierre Blanchardâ invents a working parachute. 1786 John Fitchâ invents theâ steamboat. 1789 Theâ guillotineâ is imagined. 1790 The United States gave its first patent to William Pollard of Philadelphia for a machine that wanders and twists cotton. 1791 John Barber concocts the gas turbine.Early bikes are created in Scotland. 1792 William Murdoch inventsâ gas lighting.The firstâ ambulanceâ arrives. 1794 Eli Whitneyâ patents the cotton gin.Welshmen Philip Vaughan concocts metal balls. 1795 Francois Appert concocts the protecting container of food. 1796 Edward Jenner creates theâ vaccinationâ for smallpox. 1797 Amos Whittemore licenses a checking machine.A British creator named Henry Maudslay designs the principal metal or accuracy machine. 1798 The principal soda pop is invented.Aloys Senefelder imagines lithography. 1799 Alessandro Voltaâ invents the battery.Louis Robert designs the Fourdrinier Machine for sheet papermaking.

How Much Does YOUR State Spend on Pets We Have the Answer and More! - OppLoans

How Much Does YOUR State Spend on Pets We Have the Answer and More! - OppLoans How Much Does YOUR State Spend on Pets? We Have the Answer and More! How Much Does YOUR State Spend on Pets? We Have the Answer and More!If youre a furry friend with fancy tastes, get your wiggly butt to Delaware!The team at OppLoans is vast and varied, but if theres one thing that unites us all, its our love for our four-legged friends. From cats and dogs, rats and hamsters, and even fish, turtles and the occasional bird, we adore our  picture perfect pets.But there is one major downside to playing parent to a furry friend: the cost. Alas! Pet ownership is more than just wet kisses and warm, fuzzy snuggles, it also involves dropping some serious cash every month.How much, exactly? We decided to find out! We surveyed more than 1,000  pet owners across all 50 states  and asked them how much they spend on their pets every month. Then, we broke the results down by type of pet, state of residence (including Washington, D.C.), age, gender,  and a whole lot more. And we have to say, some of the  things we learned  are pretty surprising!On average, our data suggests that Americans spend about  $126.19 on their pets every month, a number that seemed accurate to all the animal lovers here at OppLoans.  But while that national average is pretty typical, spending by state varied wildly. At an average of $311.90 per month, it seems Delaware pet owners are dropping the most dough on their pets. When it comes to the state spending the least, head west to Idaho, where thrifty animal lovers keep their pet costs down to just $20 per month.Want to know how spoiled the pets in YOUR  area are? Hover over your home state in the interactive map below to see how much pet owners are spending there.Animal MadnessNow that you know just how much pet owners in your state are willing to  dole out to keep their animal friends happy and healthy,  youre probably curious about how much people are spending on different kinds of animals.On average, we found that  dog owners spend more than cat owners, but owners  of small mammals (like guinea  pigs, hamsters,  an d gerbils) spend more than dog and cat owners combined! Fish and rabbits make the cheapest pets, followed closely by mice and rats.Heres a breakdown of all the data by animal:Birds: $113.89/monthCats: $92.98/monthDogs: $139.80/monthFish: $62.53/monthMice  or Rats: $80/monthRabbits: $65/monthReptiles or Turtles: $116.63/monthSmall mammals: $251.82/monthOther: $351.67/monthWhats in the other category thats costing so much? Your guess is as good as ours. Alligators? Wolves? Zebras? Dinosaurs? Whatever  exotic animals these people are keeping  sure cost a pretty penny to own!War of the SexesWe also broke our results down by gender, and it seems that American women tend  towards frugality when it comes to their pets. On average, women spend $116.61 every month on their animals, while men spend $136.99â€"$20 more.But this doesnt mean women love their pets any less!  The disparity in animal spending between men and women may be a result of many things. After all, men still make more money on average, which may mean theyre more likely to have animals, like dogs or the mythical other category, that cost more to take care of.Forever AloneDoes  your relationship status have an effect on the amount you spend on your pets? It does indeed!  We looked at the spending habits of people who were married, single, divorced, separated, widowed, and living with their partner. Heres what we found:Divorced: $102.40/monthLiving with partner:  $124.30/monthMarried: $132.36/monthSeparated: $69/monthSingle: $128.73/monthWidowed: $105.75/monthInterestingly enough, it seems that the stress of separation can cause a serious drop in the average persons monthly animal spending. Maybe the other spouse got the cat, or maybe the ensuing legal battle means people going through a separation have less room in their budget for doggie daycare.Phoning it inThere may never be a clear winner in the ongoing battle between iPhone and Android. But when it comes to how much Android or iPhone users spend on their pets, on brand comes out on top.  Drumroll, please!It seems iPhone users, who  may be  used to dropping obscene amounts of money on a new phone every time Apple decides to slow down their old ones, are the biggest spenders, with Android  coming in close behind:Android users: $136.03/monthiPhone users: $157.14/monthAge Aint Nothin But a NumberMillennials have been blamed for killing a lot of things, from napkins to chain restaurants. But our data shows they cant be blamed for killing the concept of pet ownership. When it comes to the amount of money theyre willing to spend on their pets,  people ages 18-24 outspend all other age groups with an average of $173.67. A close second? Ages 25-34, who spend  $141.50 on their animal besties. How does your age group compare?14-17: $73/month18-24: $173.67/month25-34: $141.50/month35-44: $107.85/month45-54: $102.99/month55 and up: $80.43/monthGeographical OdditiesFinally, we pulled out some fun, state-specific animal spending facts.For ex ample, people in Washington, D.C. spend the most on dogs, with $270/month!Ohioans spend the most on their fish, with $288/month.Delawareans  spend $566.44/month on their cats, more than any other state.Texans spend the most on birds, at $200/month, AND on reptiles, at $350/month.Are you a rabbit? Consider moving to Florida, where rabbit owners spend $150/month  on their carrot-munchin critters.Massachusetts spends the most on small mammals, with $975/month!New Mexicans spend the most on mice and rats: $150/month!What is going on in Ohio? Pet owners in the Buckeye State spend $1,500 on the other category. Watch out for rogue anacondas roaming the Cleveland streets!How much do you spend on YOUR pets? We want to know! Especially if you own one of these mysterious other animals.  You can  email us  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  Visit OppLoans on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIN

The Adkar Change Management Model Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Industrial Laboratory Problems with Production, Efficiency, and Flow. Continuous quality improvement is the focus of a quality based leader in an industrial QC laboratory, but laboratory leaders that are deficient in quality assurance knowledge can struggle with analyzing production, efficiency, or workflow problems. Major issues industrial QC laboratory leaders encounter are uneven workloads, poor work scheduling, lack of cross training, overstrained work activities, and inefficient wasteful processes (Reynolds, 2009). To combat these issues of poor laboratory efficiency and quality, assertive laboratory leaders may try to improve conditions by implementing an efficiency system, such as lean 5S. Problem recognition, by industrial QC laboratory leaders, is a valuable first step to continuous quality improvement. Insufficient understanding of the complexity involved in inefficient culture, the lean 5S system purpose, and change management leads to failure for most industri al laboratory leaders in sustaining a meaningful and successful lean 5S culture change. 5S Description as a Foundation to Lean, and 5S Failure 5S is a five step system for altering the environment of an industrial lab that is inefficient, wasteful, and displaying poor quality into a lab that is organized, experiences smooth work flow of product and personnel, and is visually enhanced; as a result, bringing wasteful issues to the forefront for continuous improvement. The 5S system is a quality improvement development originating in Japan; unequivocally, the five Ss are seiri, seiton, seiso, seiketsu, and shitsuke (Hirano,1992); however, in the English version the five Ss have been given the names sort, set in order, shine, standardize, and sustain (5S Supply, 2011). Each step of the 5S system works together. 5S starts with sort, where an industrial laboratory visually organizes and labels its entire inventory in groups of importance and categorical description; for instan ce, marking all laboratory equipment as essential, possible essential, and non-essential (Nilipour Jamshidian, 2005). All non-essential items are marked with a red tag and then taken to a holding area for non-value added item disposal. Sort is the step of removing waste that reduces clutter and improves organization for moving on to the next step in the 5S system, set in order. Set in order is the orderliness step where all value-added inventory items are organized and properly labeled for easy use and access. Access to items is determined by how often they are needed or used; for example, frequently used laboratory equipment and tools should be kept close to the area of need, and less frequently used items can be stored away in a properly labeled area for easy discovery (Froehling, 2009). Organizational tools are implemented such as labeling cabinets and shelves, color coding equipment and tools, and outlining and labeling work areas. Organizing, labeling, and placing laboratory t ools and equipment in their designated locations allow for ease of the next 5S step of shine. Shine involves cleaning the laboratory, removing dirt and grime, and making the lab shine. Cleanliness and orderliness provides an industrial lab environment for easily identifying and eliminating waste and non-value added items. To make the 5S system part of everyday lab activities, the first three steps of 5S must become part of laboratory standard operating procedure; for this reason, the work needs to be standardized through work tasks (Froehling, 2009). Each employee of the lab must do his or her part in continually organizing, eliminating waste, and cleaning; subsequently, these tasks are done by implementing the fourth step of standardize. Once the 5S system is standardized, it must be reinforced through the sustain step which involves such activities as auditing, appraisal, and positive feedback; consequently, sustain is the step most practitioners neglect and do not fully implem ent, therefore leading to failure of this step. According to Hogg (2005), the sustain step, of the 5S system, is where the majority of 5S failure occurs. There are those that consider the 5S system as basic housekeeping, and if a practitioner were to look at the first three steps of 5S, it would be (Eaton, 2000). What the laboratory leaders fail to recognize is the true application of all five steps of 5S as the foundation to a lean laboratory and as a permanent culture change to a lab that has operated in the past as inefficient and wasteful. For example, if an industrial laboratory has been working for 10 years as inefficient, then inefficiency would be customary and the standard engrained in that laboratory culture. Because of this history, it would take more than housekeeping to break down the cultural barriers existing in this laboratory work environment to improve efficiency and quality long term. If 5S is labeled as housekeeping by laboratory leadership or upper management , then the 5S quality initiative most certainly falters (Hogg, 2005). 5S as a Culture Change, and Change Management Failure It is important for industrial laboratory leaders to realize that 5S implementation is more than housekeeping. 5S is a change in the following three areas; work flow of product and personnel, functioning of the lab in terms of inventory and equipment, and standard operating procedures and daily activities. Understanding the changes that take place through the implementation of the laboratory 5S system is crucial knowledge for laboratory leadership. 5S is not a quality tool, but a lean quality system that requires change from all industrial laboratory personnel. According to Shil (2009), it is crucial for laboratory leadership and upper management to acknowledge lean 5S as a culture change to the organization, and not a simple task performed periodically. Now that the 5S system has been established successfully as a change in culture it is important for the 5S facilitator to understand the intricacies of implementing change, and sustaining the intended change as needed with lean 5S. The important issues needing to be addressed when implementing change are leadership support, employee resistance, and change reinforcement. Leadership support is very important to start the 5S implementation, so laboratory personnel must recognize that company management is serious about the changes being put forth, and feel confident in management to provide the resources and support that is needed to make the changes materialize and endure. Employee resistance can be a huge obstacle to the implementation of change; therefore, leadership cannot ignore resistance and must do all it can to change resistance to acceptance (Obrien, 2008). Engaging the employee is the first step to breaking down this barrier, and engagement is accomplished by effective communication and employee involvement. Communication is important for educating laboratory personnel on the reasons for the proposed change, and for their understanding of the root causes of laboratory inefficiencies that brought on the need for change. Effective communication brings a positive light to the employees perception of the change, gives them an understanding of the needed change, and starts the breakdown of resistance (Society for Human Resource Management, 2007). The next important aspect for leadership in employee engagement is to involve the laboratory personnel in the decision making and implementation planning of the 5S system. Involvement in the change gives the laboratory personnel a sense of ownership in the system, and continues to deplete the remaining resistance to change. According to Gallup Business Journal (2012), engaging employees builds passion within the workforce and that passion can turn employee resistance to employee innovation and promotion of change. Once a change has been implemented it is not necessarily secure; consequently, this uncertain ty is a third reason 5S practitioners fail to sustain the intended quality improvements that lean 5S is meant for. 5S is a dynamic system that needs to be managed and measured. Most failure of 5S occurs in the fifth step of sustain because laboratory leaders lose focus on the 5S system. Because standards are in place and the laboratory is clean and organized, leaders think the laboratory will continue to operate this way. This thought process is a big mistake and causes the 5S system to deteriorate and result in laboratory personnel losing initial enthusiasm for the lean quality initiative. According to Bevan (2011), the major factor in successful change is not putting together a plan or understanding the change, but implementing and sustaining the change, yet many change leaders assume initial change will stick, therefore neglecting to preserve the change. Failure of the 5S system is not only a waste of resources, money and time, but also a loss of opportunity. The 5S system is the foundation of a lean laboratory, and if 5S fails it can result in an increase in laboratory personnel change resistance for any future lean initiatives. Understanding the intent of 5S as a culture change and demonstrating a clear understanding of the complexities of change management practice is extremely beneficial for any 5S practitioner. Change Management Success, and the ADKAR Change Management Model 5S is not a laboratory housekeeping task or quality tool; on the contrary, 5S is a lean system that requires culture change in the industrial laboratory. In order for a successful implementation and sustainable 5S culture change in an industrial laboratory, a change management model can be extremely important and vital for planning, educating, implementing, and sustaining the quality initiative. A change management model provides the structure that is missing from the 5S steps for successful and sustainable change. Research shows that change, such as 5S, breaks down due to poor planning and leadership, employee resistance and human resource neglect, and insufficient reinforcement of the change in culture (Song, 2009). One such change management model that has proven success is the ADKAR change management model developed by Jeffrey Hiatt from the Prosci Learning Center. The ADKAR change management model consists of five elements that build off of each other, and focus on important areas of change; such as, evaluation, management leadership, employee engagement, training, and reinforcement (Hiatt, 2006). Although some industry professionals may prefer an alternative change management model, the ADKAR model was chosen for its simplicity, structure, and ability to implement change ranging from change in individuals to more complex company-wide change. ADKAR Elements The ADKAR change management model has five elements in its structure, and the five elements are: Awareness, Desire, Knowledge, Ability, Reinforcement. Awareness Ele ment of the ADKAR Model The element of awareness consists of some very important aspects in providing a solid foundation to a change initiative like lean 5S. One aspect is the ability to evaluate the organizations openness to change, and provide information for evaluating each element of the ADKAR model. For instance, determining how aware the organization is on its need to change, if management supports the proposed changes, and if the change has been communicated to the employees. Evaluation is a good starting point in determining which element of the ADKAR model is the weakest in respect to the organization making the changes. Evaluation could answer important questions like: What is the desire level of the employees to making this change happen? How knowledgeable are employees on the new processes and systems intended from the change? Are resources and workforce available to enable the laboratory to implement the changes? Is there a process for reinforcing the cha nges, and is the laboratory able to sustain the new systems and processes long term? Evaluation using the ADKAR change management model provides 5S leadership with a planning resource for making a strong plan prior to beginning the 5S system implementation. Awareness also promotes the importance of having strong management support for the planned 5S changes; subsequently, sponsorship is important for giving laboratory employees the feeling of being supported by upper management, and confidence knowing that resources are being provided for the full 5S implementation. Awareness likewise covers the very important process of communicating to employees the reasoning for the 5S system, and engaging employees on their concerns and ideas, and using their experience to build strong support for the 5S system. According to the survey by the Society of Human Resource Management (2007), the two highest reported barriers to successful change are employee resistance to change, and insufficie nt communication of the planned change. Hiatt (2006) lists the four strategies of developing awareness of change as: Operative Communication, Top Management Support, Leadership Instruction, Appropriate Information Access. Desire Element of the ADKAR Model People are naturally hesitant to change, and strategically communicating the need for 5S and showing strong management support is designed to create the next element of the ADKAR model; specifically, desire for the 5S system in the laboratory. Desire is the breaking down of change resistance and the barriers to change inherent in the laboratory employees, and engaging them to the point of turning resistance to enthusiasm. According to Zigarmi and Hoekstra (2011), resistance to change is created when change is forced on employees instead of performed with employees; furthermore, not involving the employees being affected by the change taking place is the largest obstruction to successful change. Jeffrey Hiatt (2006 ) lists the maneuvers for creating desire in the ADKAR model as: Sponsor the change successfully in collaboration with employees, Provide managers the ability to perform as change leaders, Appraise risk and expect resistance, Involve employees in the process, Align enticement programs to the goals. After the first two elements of ADKAR are implemented, the laboratory personnel are aware of the efficiency problems in the laboratory department, and the need for continuous quality improvement. Through effective communication and employee involvement the desire to change is strong, and employees are on board with the next step of learning about the five steps and structure of the 5S system. Not addressing the first two steps of awareness and desire is the first problem 5S practitioners make; as a result, they do not set a strong foundation for implementing a system as culturally complicated as 5S. Laboratory leaders can misinterpret the 5S system as a simple housekeepi ng activity or quality tool and then struggle mightily, because laboratory employees cannot understand the need for the system, and do not feel the presence of management support; accordingly, employees then naturally build a resistance to the implementation of 5S into the laboratory. Knowledge Element of the ADKAR Model Knowledge is the third element of the ADKAR change management model. Knowledge is the training element of the change management structure and consists of training all laboratory employees on the history, structure, and processes used in the 5S system. The knowledge element of the ADKAR model stresses the importance of robust instruction of how to implement and use each 5S step, and making sure laboratory employees are unified in implementing and following the procedures to be developed. Jeffrey Hiatt (2006) describes the exercises for building knowledge in the ADKAR model as: Train and educate with effectiveness, Provide work tools, Coach employees in dividually, Develop training groups and settings. According to the research paper by Korkut, Cakicier, Erdinler, Ulay, and Dogan (2009), 5S training by organizational leadership to the personnel executing the 5S implementation is a decisive factor in the successful 5S operation. Eaton and Caprenter (2000), reiterate the importance of training and emphasize that all affected employees need to understand how 5S works, how it is implemented, and what the results should be. Ability Element of the ADKAR Model Ability is the fourth element of the ADKAR model, and emphasizes the importance of providing resources in time, manpower, and equipment for a full implementation of all 5S steps. If time, manpower, and equipment are not adequate for implementing changes, then the whole 5S system can be compromised and each step may not be completed as the system is designed. Jeffrey Hiatt (2006) lists the exercises for crafting ability in the ADKAR model as: Support the change through daily supervisor involvement, Provide expert advice in subject material, Appraise performance, Involve employees in training exercises. According to Bevan (2011), monetary, workforce, and technological resources must be available and applied to empower the change to be executed, or the change will be impaired. Minimalizing resources on change implementation such as 5S into an industrial laboratory can weaken the sustainability of the intended changes; in summary, laboratory personnel need the tools and time to get the job done. Reinforcement Element of the ADKAR Model Reinforcement is the last element of the ADKAR change management model. This element is extremely important if the 5S system is to be sustainable for the long term in an industrial laboratory. Knowing that 5S failures happen most often when 5S practitioners neglect the last step of the 5S system, sustain, then the ADKAR model can provide the proper planning and focus needed on building a sustainable 5S system in the industrial laboratory. Reinforcement accentuates the importance of measuring the affects of 5S changes through auditing the 5S system. According to Bevan (2011), tracking the changes by comparing results with the planned vision of the 5S system and reassessing goals to promote continual improvement are critical factors in successful and sustainable change. Hiatt (2006) also underscores the importance of employee recognition for following new 5S standard operating procedures, being a team player, and enthusiastically promoting the 5S culture changes. Another point of reinforcement is the continuation of management support, and keeping management involved with auditing and providing the needed positive feedback for employee recognition. Leaders of change must be aware of their role in successful change, and their responsibility in fostering the new system for continued growth and change in culture (Higgs Rowland, 2010). If the reinforcement of the industrial laborato ry 5S system is planned for and followed, as the ADKAR model can provide, then the probability of 5S sustainability failure will extremely diminish, and the 5S culture change can become the norm. Reinforcement, Continuous Improvement, and PDSA Cycle The ADKAR model stresses the importance of a strong reinforcement process for sustainability and continuous improvement of implemented changes. An important quality and continuous improvement tool that provides a strong reinforcement process for 5S sustainability is the use of the continuous improvement cycle of PDSA (plan, do, study, act). With the inclusion of the PDSA cycle in the reinforcement element of the ADKAR model, 5S system audits, metrics, appraisals, and laboratory personnel feedback and recognition would be planned, implemented, studied for effectiveness, and continually improved by enacting changes to improve culture change reinforcement and 5S sustainably. According to the PDSA workbook from the State of Victoria Department of Health (2010), the PDSA cycle is an excellent model for continuous system improvement; furthermore, the workbook breaks down each phase of the PDSA cycle as follows: Plan Phase: The planning of the 5S improvement that answers, the who, what, when, why, and how of the initiative. Do Phase: The execution of the scheduled deliverables from the planning phase. Study Phase: The review phase of comparing where the 5S system was and where it is now since the planned improvement initiatives have been executed. Measurables are taken to determine if changes were beneficial, or if more changes are needed to meet intended plans. Act Phase: The moving forward phase to realize the gains from the cycle, determine opportunities that have risen from this initiative, and decide if the improvement cycle needs to be repeated or are new strategies apparent for improvement. The ADKAR reinforcement element employs five campaigns for reinforcing change: Celebration and Reco gnition, Rewards, Feedback from Employees, Audits and Performance Measurement Systems, Accountability Systems (Hiatt, 2006). To employ these reinforcement campaigns and continually improve these tactics, PDSA can provide the continuous improvement model for devising, implementing, measuring, and improving the five tactics of reinforcement that the 5S system needs for long term sustainability. Continuous quality improvement is a voyage, and the PDSA cycle provides the structure needed to verify the sustainability of 5S through recurring assessment, and prevention of disparities within the 5S system from its intentions (Quality Insights of Pennsylvania, 2011). Each PDSA cycle performed in the reinforcement element of ADKAR provides a learning experience that can be used for continually strengthening the 5S system, and sufficiently reacting to laboratory environment changes and new quality issues (Srivannaboon, 2009).